How Long Will We (INDIA) oppose Bt ?

Just have a look at following

•Bt cotton. China has successfully planted Bt cotton since 1997 and now, over 7 million small farmers in China are already increasing their income by approximately US$220 per hectare (equivalent to US$1 billion nationally) due, on average, to a 10% increase in yield, a 60% reduction in insecticide application, both of which contribute to a more sustainable agriculture and prosperity of small poor farmers. China is the largest producer of cotton in the world, with 68% of its 5.6 million hectares successfully planted with Bt cotton in 2008.

•Bt rice offers the potential to generate benefits of US$4 billion annually from an average yield increase of 8%, and an 80% decrease in insecticides, equivalent to 17 kg per hectare on China's major staple food crop, rice, which occupies 30 million hectares (Jikun Huang et al, 2005). It is estimated that 75% of all rice in China is infested with the rice-borer pest, which Bt rice controls. China is the biggest producer of rice in the world (178 million tons of paddy) with 110 million rice households (a total of 440 million people based on 4 per family) who could benefit directly as farmers from this technology, as well as China's 1.3 billion rice consumers.

•Phytase maize. China, after the USA, is the second largest grower of maize in the it is principally used for animal feed. Maintaining self-sufficiency in maize and meeting the increased demand for more meat in a more prosperous China is an enormous challenge. For example, China's swine herd, the biggest in the world, increased 100 fold from 5 million in 1968 to over 500 million today. Phytase maize will allow pigs to digest more phosphorus, resulting in faster growth/more efficient meat production, and coincidentally result in a reduction of phosphate pollution from animal waste into soil and extensive bodies of water and aquifers.

The above advantages of Bt cotton, Bt rice and phytase maize, also offer similar benefits to other developing countries, particularly in Asia, (but also elsewhere in the world) which have very similar crop production constraints. Asia grows and consumes 90% of the production from the world's 150 million hectares of rice, and Bt rice can have enormous impact in Asia. It could not only contribute to increase productivity but could also make a substantive contribution to the alleviation of poverty for poor small farmers who represent 50% of the world's poor.

The approval and deployment by China of the most important food and feed crops in the world, biotech rice and maize, to maintain self-sufficiency, China is aiming to achieve MDG 1 “Free from Hunger by 2015”. Looking onto Indian prespective our population is growing by 1.5 % annually that is we are adding 16-17 million peoples every year with the current rate of hunger elimination we will only be able to reach the above target by 2043 really pathetic ! The approval for Bt crop by china can serve as a model for other developing countries.

BUDGET 2010: TWO STRANGE THINGS

According to me the 2 most Important things of this budget are:

1-Can higher prices of Diesel/petrol be justified?
2-Change of personal income slab? why

Ans to the first question is today crude oil prices are hovering at 112 $ a barrel nearly half of 147 $ so why should the government bear the wasteful subsidy,especially when the oil companies are groaning under the burden.As our PM said now when economy is recovering and people can bear few extra bucks so save governments money for harder times.

The next important thing was change in annual tax slab,the strategy perhaps is that the higher disposable income would itself propel growth through higher consumer demand or else lead to long term savings through infrastructure bonds.A high savings rate is the best bet for any country as it offers long term funds for infrastructure.

Hence don't worry dude what FM is asking you is just spend more "consume" and don't worry when the crude prices again go high we will rescue you,but today u will have to pay.

What is a Rhizobium

Rhizobium is a symbiotic (diazotrophs) Nitrogen fixer which forms nodules in specific leguminous plants and fixes atmospheric nitrogen. They provide plant with nitrogen and take food (carbon) from them. They are heterotrophs possessing a special enzyme nitrogenase this enzyme allows them to convert nitrogen gas into ammonium.

Diazotrophs- An organism which is able to grow without external sources of fixed N. All diazotrophs contains Fe-Mo nitrogenase systems.

Morphology of Rhizobium bacteria:

1.Unicellular heterotrophs.

2.Small to medium sized 0.5-0.9 X 1.2-3.0 microns.

3.Gram negative non sporulating rods.

4.They are motile when young and have peritrichous flagella.

5.Cells contain characteristic granules of polymerized beta hydroxyl butyrate (40-50 % of cell dry weight).

6.Most strains produce gum (extracellular polysaccharide slime) of varying composition.

7.A large irregularly shaped nuclear region in centre surrounded by a narrow region of denser cytoplasm.

What are Spices & Condiments

Spices are those plants, the products of which are made use of as food adjuvant to add aroma and flavour (Eg. Pepper, cardamom, clove and nutmeg).

Condiments are also plants, products of which are used as food adjuvant to add ‘taste’ only (Eg. Coriander, Cumin etc.)

Plantation crops are plants which are grown in extensive scale like coconut, arecanut, tea, coffee, cocoa and rubber etc., are known as plantation crops.

Classification of spices
There are about 35 spices and condiments which can be broadly classified into 6 groups, based upon the parts of the plants from which they are obtained:

a. Rhizomes and root spices: Ginger, Turmeric, and Garlic.

b. Seed spices: Nutmeg, Coriander, Fennel, Cumin, Fenugreek, Dill, Aniseed, Celery and Bishopweed.

c. Bark spices: Cinnamom

d. Fruit spices: Cardamom, Black pepper, Vanilla, All spice, Cassia, Tamarind, etc.

e. Leaf spices: Bay leaf, Curry leaf, etc.

f. Flower spices: Clove, Saffron, Asafoetida, etc.

Types of Chickpea

Chickpea is a herbaceous annual plant which branches from the base. It is almost a small bush with diffused, spreading branches. The plant is mostly covered with glandular or nonglandular hairs but some genotypes do not possess hair.

Based on seed size and color, cultivated chickpeas are of two types (Cubero 1975).

1. Macrosperma (kabuli type). The seeds of this type are large (100-seed mass >25 g), round or ramhead, and cream-colored. The plant is medium to tall in height, with large leaflets and white flowers, and contain no anthocyanin.

2. Microsperma (desi type). The seeds of this type are small and angular in shape. The seed color varies from cream, black, brown, yellow to green. There are 2-3 ovules pod-1 but on an average 1-2 seeds pod-1 are produced. The plants are short with small leaflets and purplish flowers, and contain anthocyanin.

Tools Of Financial Analysis

1) Balance sheet: It is a statement of financial position of a firm at a particular point of time.

2) Income statement: It is also called profit-loss statement. It shows firm’s earnings for the period covered, usually half yearly or yearly.

Balance Sheet
From an analyst point of view, it is a written representation of resources and liabilities of the business firm. It shows the financial condition of the business firm at a given date. The balance sheet contains and reports on assets, liabilities and net worth of a firm. Assets must always equal the sum of liabilities and net worth. What is owned by or owed to firm (assets) must equal what the firm owes to its creditors plus what is owed to its owners (net worth). Balance sheet indicates the sources from which business obtained capital for its operations and the form in which that capital is invested on a specific date. Net worth represents owner’s equity in the business.

Limitation : It is an interim statement between two operating periods. It summarizes solvency of business at a given time rather than financial transactions occurred in business during an accounting period.

benefit to owner:
• It determines the safety of their investments.
• The probability of additional capital requirements.
• Possibility of withdrawals or dividends.
• Need for reorganization or liquidation.

benefit to creditors:
• Help in determining the involved in granting credit.
• How much money safely be granted.

How helpful to management?
• Helps to judge the results of its operating activities and in planning for proper financing of future operations.

2. Income Statement
It is also called profit and loss statement. It states the source of firm’s incomes, describes the nature of the expenses, and shows the net profit earned ( or net loss incurred) during an accounting period. It is supporting evidence to balance sheet, in the sense, that it explains the change in retained earnings on the balance sheet.

Uses of Income Statement
􀂃 Can determine what profit is earned by the business.
􀂃 Can find particular causes of low profit or operating losses.
􀂃 Management can take action to prevent the occurrences of future losses or to prevent further decline in profits.

Cash flow statement
The cash flow statement is a measure of changes in cash the business has on hand from month to month. It records or projects all cash receipts less all cash disbursements. A business may use the cash flow statement as a record of what has occurred to cash or as a projection into the future to determine future needs for cash or as both.
The cash flow statement is accurate when it is a record of past receipts and disbursements and an estimate when it is projected for future months. The cash flow statement is usually calculated on a monthly basis for an entire year.

Elements of Organization Process

Key Elements of Organization Process
The following may be said to be the key elements in the process of organization.
1) Departmentation,
2) Delegation and
3) Decentralization.

1. Departmentation
Departmentation implies the grouping of various activities on the basis of their similarity, into separate units. Departmentation of the enterprise activities can be done by:
a) Functions: production, sales, finance and personnel departments can be created.

b) Production: For each product or group of products, a separate department is created.

c) Territory: For each geographical division or territory, a separate department is created.

d) Customer: Departmentation by customer is followed to look after the sales function where, in the interest of efficiency and economy, special attention needs to be given to different customers.

e) Number: In case departmentation by numbers, activities are grouped on the basis of their performance by a certain number of persons, whereas under departmentation by time, activities are grouped on the basis of the time of their performance.

2. Delegation
The delegation has three important features, namely,
a) Assignment of duties and responsibilities.
b) Delegation of authority to perform the assigned duties and responsibilities.
c) Accountability.

3. Decentralization

Decentralization is the opposite of centralization. Under centralization, the decision-making authority is vested in the hands of one or a few individuals.
Decentralization refers to dispersal of decision-making authority. It means that decisions are to be made by persons and at places away from the centre.
Decentralization may take the form of:
a) departmentation or divisionalsation of enterprise activities;
b)dispersal of decision-making powers among executives at various levels.